Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
A
Aseptic diaphyseal nonunions without bony defects, 67–75
femoral, articles reporting, 69
augmentative plating for, 68–69
blade plate fixation for, 68
evidence-based approach to, 71
exchange nailing in, 68, 70
Ilizarov method for, 70
intermedullary nail fixation for, 68
other methods for, 70
summary for, 70–71
tibial, articles reporting, 71
biologics in, 74
bone grafting in, 72
electrical stimulation in, 72–73
evidence-based approach to, 73–74
exchange nailing in, 72
intramedullary nail fixation in, 72
plate and screw fixation in, 71–72
ultrasound in, 72
Autofluorescence intraoperative imaging, 255
C
Congenital anomalies of hand, 153–168
classification of, Oberg, 153–154
Swanson, 153–154
embryology of, 154
incidence of, 153
polydactyly, 158–162
principles of management, 153–168
surgical indications/contraindications in, 154–155
syndactyly, 155–158
thumb hypoplasia, 162–166
D
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, intraoperative, 259–260
Distal biceps rupture
anatomy in, 189–190
chronic, 200
clinical evaluation of, “reverse popeye” sign in, 190–191
clinical otcomes of, in single-incision versus 2-incision, 199
comparison of fixation techniques for, biomechanical, 194–195
clinical outcomes of, 195–198
diagnosis of, 190
fixation techniques for, biotenodesis screw, 193
bone tunnel, 193
cortical button, 193–194, 196–197
single-incision power optimizing cost-effective, 194–195
suture anchors, 193
tension slide technique, 194
incidence and risk for, 189
nonoperative management of, 191
plain radiographs in, 190–191
surgical approaches to, single-incision, 191–192
single-incision power optimizing cost-effective, 194–195
two-incision, 194
surgical procedures for, bicipital tuberosity preparation, 192
exposure and mobilization of biceps tendon, 192
tendon preparation, 192
surgical repair of, complcations of, nerve injuries, 200–201
postoperative care after, 201–202
surgical treatment of, 189–205
tunnel placement in, biomechanical effects of attachment sites, 199–200
incision techniques in, 199
Distal femur fractures, anatomy in, 85–86
classification system for, 86–87
diagnosis of, imaging in, 88
mechanism and time course of injury, 86, 88
management in adults, 85–96
nonoperative management of, 88
open reduction internal fixation for, with fixed angle blade plate and dynamic condylar screws, 89
with plate fixation, 89–92
operative strategies for
arthroplasty and distal femoral replacement, 92, 94
external fixation/tensioned ring fixation, 88–89
open reduction internal fixation, 89–92
retrograde intramedulary nailing, 92–93
surgical approaches to, lateral para-patellar arthrotomy, 88
minimally invasive submuscular, 88
treatment options for, 85–86
Distal radius fractures, characterization of, 235–236
goals of treatment for, 236
optimal positioning for volar plate fixation of, 235–244
volar locked plating for. See Volar locked plate for distal radius fracture.
E
Elbow fracture dislocations, anterior or posterior, 98
classification systems for, 98
complications of, rate of, 97
management in adults, 97–113
outcomes of surgical intervention in, 109–110
chronic instability and stiffness, 109
terrible triad injuries, 109
periarticular fractures in, 98–99
postoperative care for, 109
simple, 98
surgical approach in, 101, 103
direct lateral (Kaplan), 103–104
over-the-top (Hotchkiss), 103–104
posterolateral (Kochner), 103
surgical technique/procedure for
algorithm for, 101–102
complications and management of, 105–109
heterotopic ossification following, 106
in coronoid fracture, 104–105
in radial head injury, 104–107
lateral soft tissues injury in, 105
patient positioning for, 101–103
posttraumatic osteoarthritis, 109
preoperative planning in, 101
preparation for, 101
recurrent joint instability following, 106, 108
stiffness/contractures following, 108–109
ulnar neuropathy following, 108
types of, coronoid, 100
olecranon, 100–101
radial head, 99–100
soft tissue disruption in, 100–101
F
Femur, distal factures of. See Distal femur fractures.
Flexor tendon repair, 219–226
suture configurations to maximize strength and motion, 223–224
tendon anatomy in, 219–220
basic structure, 220
vascular supply, 220–221
tendon healing in, biological strategies to augment, 222–223
biomechanics of, 221–222
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications and, 223
nuclear factor kappa b and, 222–223
stages in, 221
transforming growth factor b and, 222
vascular endothelial growth factor and, 223
Fluorescent probes in optical imaging, nontargeted, 256
targeted, 257–259
H
Hand, congenital anomalies of. See Congenital anomalies of hand.
open fractures of. See Open fractures of hand.
Hip fracture, tranexamic acid in, 141
I
Infected total hip arthroplasty, nature of problem, 11–12
one-stage exchange in, 12
complications of, 15
debridement and explantation in, 13–14
indications and contraindications to, 12
irrigation and local antiseptics in, 13–14
outcomes in, 15–16
posterolateral approach in, 13
postoperative care in, 15
reimplantation in, 14
surgical procedure in, 13–14
surgical technique in, 12–13
one-stage revision for, 11–18
Infected total hip arthroscopy. See also Total hip arthroscopy.
Interlocked intramedullary nail without fluoroscopy, 57–66. See also Surgical implant generation network (SIGN) technique.
collaboration with surgeons in developing countries and, 58
education for, 61
for increasing number of patients with high-energy fractures, 57–58
in surgical implant generation network technique, for peritrochanteric fractures, 64–65
for retrograde femoral nailing, 61–63
for subtrochanteric fractures, 65
for tibial nailing, 58–61
validation of, 61
Intraoperative tumor visualization, confocal microscopy in, 260
for surgical margin assessment, 253–254
high-frequency ultrasound in, 259
innovations in, 253–264
optical coherence tomography in, 259–260
optical fluorescent imaging in, 254
autofluorescence, 255
basic components of, 255
basic method, 255
near-infrared, 255–256
nontargeted fluorescent probes, 256
targeted fluorescent probes, 257–259
Target Selection Criteria for biomarker targets, 257
optoacoustic imaging in, 259
spectroscopy in, elastic scattering (diffuse reflectance), 259–260
radiofrequency, 262
raman, 261
traditional imaging in, computer-assisted navigation, 254
MRI, 254
ultrasound, 254
K
Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty, femoral component placement in, 44
flexion-extension plane of extended knee in, 42
indications for, 42
internal-external malrotation in, of femoral component, 41–42
of tibial component, 41
limitations in, 46
patient demographics and clinical characteristics in, 43
preoperative MRI for, 43–44
results of, 45–48
important findings in, 46
statistical analysis of, 45
technique for I-E malrotation, 44–45
tibial component in, 44, 46, 49
L
Lateral patellar instability in children and adolescents, 145–152
classification of
comprehensive, by type, 147–149
existing, 146
nomenclature for, 146–147
risk for, 145
syndromic, 150–151
type I: first time patellar dislocation, 148
type II: recurrent, 148–149
type III: dislocatable patella, 149–150
habitual dislocation, 149–150
type IV: dislocated patella, 150
voluntary, 150
Limb salvage. See also Tumor reconstruction after tumor resection.
complications of, allograft failure, 274, 276
classification of modes of failure in, 274–275
general concerns, 273–274
in allograft-prosthesis composite, 276
infection, 274
in metallic endoprosthesis, 276
current alternatives to, 266–267
rotationplasty, 267–268
current practices for, allograft, 272
allograft-prosthesis composite, 270, 273
autograft, 273
metallic endoprosthesis, 270, 273
metal prosthesis vs. allograft or allograft-prosthetic composite, 270–271
functional outcomes of, gait characteristics in, 277
questionnaires for, 276–277
general principles for skeletally immature patient, 268
lower extremity prosthesis selection, 268
upper extremity prosthesis selection, 268–269
in osteosarcoma, for recurrence of, 287
margins in, 286–287
metastasectomy in, 287
pathologic fracture and, 287
metal endoprostheses in, historial background, 269
MUTARS (Modular Universal Tumour and Revision System), 270
Phenix prosthesis, 269, 271
Repiphysis expandable prosthesis, 269–270
Stanmore custom, 269, 271
Stryker prosthesis in, 270, 272
Lumbar spine disease and deformity, impact on total hip arthroplasty, 19–28. See also Total hip arthroplasty.
body position influence on pelvic parameters and, 20
coronal and sagittal alignment and spinopelvic mechanics and, 20–21
degenerative changes and, 21
flatback syndrome and, 21
hip-spine syndrome and, 21
impingement and instability and, 21
indications and contraindications, 21–22
lumbar range of motion and, 19–20
lumbar spine fusion and, 21
spinopelvic motion and pelvic parameters and, 20
M
Microscopy, confocal intraoperative, 260
Morel-Lavalée lesion, causes of, 115–116
classification of, 117
clinical manifestation of, 116–117
complications of treatment, contour deformity, 123
postoperative infection, 122
recurrence, 122–123
skin necrosis, 123
conservative treatment of, compression bandaging, 119
fluid aspiration, 119–120
differential diagnosis of, 117
history of, 115
imaging of, CT, 117–118
MRI, 117–118
standard radiographs, 116
ultrasound, 116–117
management of, 115–125
conservative options, 118
guidelines for, 118
surgical intervention in, 118
pathogenesis of, 116
postoperative care and, compression in, 122
drains in, 122
preoperative planning for, 119
surgical treatment and outcomes for, limited incision, 121
open debridement, 120–121
sclerodesis, 121–122
treatment algorithm for, 118–119
N
Near-infrared fluorescent intraoperative imaging, 255–256
O
Obese patient, primary total knee arthroplasty in, alignment in, 52
challenges in, 51–53
comparison of obese constrained condylar prosthesis patients and standard prosthesis in nonobese patients, 54
constrained condylar knee implant in, 52
materials and methods in, 52–53
results in, 53–54
statistical methods in, 52–53
thigh-calf angle limitation in, 52–53
Open fractures of hand, 245–251
classification of, Gustilo-Anderson, inapplicability of, 248–249
proposed, 249–250
functional recovery following, 246
infection rate in, 245–246
predictive factors in, 248
variables in infection risk following, anatomy, 246
contamination, 247–248
soft tissue envelope, 247
vascular supply, 246–247
Optical clearance tomography, intraoperative, 259–260
Optoacoustic imaging, intraoperative, 259
Osteosarcoma survival update, 283–292
chemotherapy for, in metastatic disease, 285
in nonmetastatic disease, 285
in relapse, 285
poor response to, 285
toxicity and late effects of, 289–290
future directions in, for chemotherapy, 289–290
for surgery, 290
history and background and, 283–284
late effects of therapy, surgery, 288–289
systemic therapy, 287–288
limb salvage surgery for, 285–286
margins in, 286–287
metastasectomy, 287
pathologic fracture and, 287
recurrence of, 287
prognostic factors in, chemotherapy response, 284
metastatic disease, 284
patient characteristics, 284–285
tumor characteristics, 284
P
Patellar fractures, conservative management of, 77–78
nature of problem, 77
surgical management of, 77–83
surgical technique/procedure, approach in, 78–79
complications of, 81–82
fixation failure requiring revision, 82
indications for, 78–79
instruments for, 78, 81
outcomes in, 80–81
patient positioning for, 78
postoperative care in, 79–80
postoperative pain management in, 81
preoperative planning for, 78, 80
steps in procedure, 78
Perioprosthetic joint infection (PJI), diagnosis of, 1–9
algorithm for, 2–3
following total hip arthroplasty. See Infected total hip arthroplasty.
histology in, 5–6
molecular methods in, 6
patient evaluation in, history in, 1–2
physical examination in, 1–2
serology in, C-reactive protein, 2
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 2
interleukin, 2–4
monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, 4
procalcitonin, 2–4
seronegative infections and, 2
serum biomarkers, 2–4
tumor necrosis factor-þ, 2
synovial biomarkers in, categories of, 4
human host defense peptide LL-37, 5
human-ß defensin-2, 4
leukocyte esterase, 4–5
þ-defensin, 4–5
synovial culture in, 5
Polydactyly, incidence of, 158
outcomes of surgery, in Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure, 162
in type B postaxial polydactyl, 161
Wassel type IV duplications, 161
preaxial (radial) and postaxial (ulnar) types of, 158–159
preoperative planning, for postaxial, 159–160
for preaxial, 159
surgical procedures for, Bilhaut-Cloquet, 160
complications of, 161
postaxial reconstruction type A, 160–161
postoperative care in, 161
preaxial polyactyly reconstruction, 160
Posterior shoulder instability, etiologies of, 179
in overhead athletes, 179–187
nonoperative management of, 180
surgical technique in, comparison of throwing and nonthrowing athletes, 184
diagostic arthroscopy in, 180
glenoid and labrum preparation in, 180–181
literature specifically for overhead athletes, 185
outcomes, 182
pearls and pitfalls in, 186
positioning for, 180
posterior capsule closure, 182, 184
postoperative care, 183
preoperative planning and, 180
subequatorial repair, 181–183
supraequatorial repair, 182–183
zone-specific repair, 181–182
R
Radiofrequency spectroscopy, intraoperative, 262
Rotator cuff repair, immobilization after, 169–177
immobilization and load removal following, animal studies of, 171–172
mobilization following, clinical evidence for, 172–174
patient-reported outcome scores in, 175–176
randomized controlled trials of, 172–176
postoperative rehabilitation variation in, 169
re-tear rates in, 169
tendon healing, mechanobiology of, 171
tendon-to bone healing in, 170–171
phases in tendon healing, 170
S
Scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC), characterization of, 227–228
comparison of proximal row carpectomy and four-corner arthrodesis, 231–232
four-corner arthrodesis for, 227–229
circular plate fixation in, 228
compression screws in, 228, 230
k-wire fixation in, 227–229
primary goal of, 229
traditional fixation in, 228–229
motion-sparing reconstructive options for, 227–233
pain of, wrist denervation for, 232
proximal row carpectomy for, described, 229
Spectroscopy, intraoperative, elastic scattering, 259–260
raman, 261
Spine surgery, tranexamic acid in, 141
Surgical implant generation network (SIGN) technique. See also Interlocked intramedullary nail without fluoroscopy.
for peritrochanteric fractures, 64–65
for retrograde femoral nailing, 61–62
interlocking screw placement in, 63–65
nail insertion in, 63
reduction in, 62–63
technique in, 62
for subtrochanteric fracture, 65
for tibial nailing, 58–61
closed reduction in, 58–59
floating knee stabilization in, 61
interlocking screw in, 60–61
nail in, 59–60
reamers in procedure, 58–59
slot finder in, 60
stabilzing fibula in, 61
impact in developing countries, 66
Syndactyly, associated skeletal manifestations in, 155
described, 155
postoperative care in, 156
surgical procedure for, 155–157
complications of, 156–157
outcomes following Flatt technique, 157–158
vascular compromise following, 156–157
web creep following, 157
T
Thumb hypoplasia, associated musculoskeletal and systemic abnormalities in, 162
classification of, Bayne and Klug in radial longitudinal deficiency, 162
Blauth types, 162–163
surgical procedure for, complications of, 165
opponensplasty, 163
opponensplasty, ligament reconstruction, web space deepening, 164–165
outcomes of, 165–166
pollicization, 164
pollicization with ablation of thumb remnant, 163
postoperative care following, 165
preoperative planning for, 163–164
Total hip arthroplasty, complications of, management of, 25
medical, 24
surgical, 24
indications and contraindications for, 21–22
infected, one-stage revision for. See Infected total hip arthroplasty.
in lumbar spine disease and deformity, work-up algorithm for, 25
lumbar spine disease and deformity impact on. See Lumbar spine disease and deformity, impact on total hip arthroplasty.
pelvic obliquity and, clinical assessment of, 24
operative considerations for, 24
postoperative care, 25–26
surgical procedure for, pelvic tilt effect on acetabular cup position and, 23
preoperative planning for, 22–23
tranexamic acid in, 140
Total knee arthroplasty, in obese patient. See Obese patient, total knee arthroplasty in.
kinematically aligned. See Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty.
malrotation of tibial and femoral components and compromise of function in, 41–50
tranexamic acid in, 140–141
Total wrist arthroplasty, alternative to total wrist arthrodesis, 207
clinical outcomes of, 216
contraindications to, 207–208
first-generation implants in, Swanson silicone, 208–209
fourth-generation, 212
Maestro wrist reconstruction system, 213, 216
RE-MOTION total wrist system, 212–213
universal 2 total wrist system, 212–213
indications for, 207
operative procedure for, 208
prosthetic design for, 208
prosthetic design in, 207–218
evolution of, 214–215
second-generation prosthetic implants in, Meuli ball and socket design, 209–210
Volz, 209–210
third-generation prosthetic implants in, biaxial total wrist implant, 210–211
Menon's universal total wrist implant, 211–212
trispherical total wrist, 210
Tranexamic acid, cost of, 139
dosing and timing of administration of, 138–139, 141
future investigation of, benefits and limitations in, 141
dosing and timing of administration in, 141
in patients with comorbidities, 141
in trauma and orthopedic surgery, 137–143
mechanism and pharmacokinetics of, 138
safety of, 139
structure of, 138
use of, 140–141
by orthopedic surgeons, 138, 140–141
in hemophiliacs, 137
in hip fracture, 141
in orthopedic trauma, 141
in spine surgery, 141
in total hip arthroplasty, 140
in total knee arthroplasty, 140–141
in trauma, 139–140
Traumatic upper extremity amputations, complications of, heterogenic ossification, 135
neuroma formation, 134–135
phantom limb pain, 135
initial management of, airway in, 127–128
bleeding in, 128
history and physical examination in, 128
orthogonal radiographs in, 128
management of, 127–136
outcomes of, 134
replantation in, 128–129
revision amputation in, 128–129
revision procedure, compressive stump dressing in, 130
elbow disarticulation in, 131–132, 134
fish-mouth incision in, 129–134
general details in, 129–130
major vessel ligation in, 130
muscle reinnervation in, 130
preoperative planning in, 129
psychological pathology and, 130
shoulder disarticulation in, 133–135
transhumeral amputation in, 132–134
transradial amputation in, 131–132, 134
wrist disarticulation in, 130–131
Tumor reconstruction after tumor resection. See also Limb salvage.
historical background for, 265–266
in growing child, 265–281
limb salvage, complications and failures in, 270–276
current alternatives to, 266–268
current surgical practices for, 270–273
functional outcomes of, 276–277
general principles for, 268–270
literature in, 266
U
Ultrasound, high-frequency, in intraoperative imaging, 259
Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, complcations of, specific, 38
computer navigation in, 30
increased use of, 29
medications in, intraoperative, 32
postoperative, 32–33
preoperative, 32
Navio precision free-hand sculptor system overview, 30–37
pearls and pitfalls in, 38
perioperative management in, intraoperative fluid in, 31–32
postoperative pain in, 32
results of, clinical study of, 33, 35
feasibility study of, 33
inserts needed for, 35–36
preoperative CT scans and, 36, 38
surgeon endorsement of, 35
robotically assisted with handheld image-free sculpting tool, 29–40
robotic evolution in, 30
V
Volar locked plate for distal radius fracture, achievement and maintenance of reduction, 237–239
articular step-off in, 237
volar tilt in, 237–238
approppriate positioning of, 237–238
concept of, 236–237
distal dorsal distance in, outside optimal, 242
within optimal, 241
dorsal plates in, 237
indications/contraindications to, 236–237
reduction maintenance in, distal dorsal distance in, 240
internal fixation, screws vs. pegs in, 239
placement and position of volar locked plate, 239–240
potential factors influencing, 239–241
reduction of, articular step-off and, 237
importance of maintaining, 239
volar tilt in, 237–238
variable-angle locking screws for positioning, 237–238
